![]() Nevertheless, the HAD appeared to be (as was indeed originally intended) a useful clinical indicator of the possibility of depression and clinical anxiety. It was somewhat surprising that the factor analyses were consistently extracting two factors, 'depression' and 'anxiety', while on the other hand both BDI and STAI tended to correlate more strongly with the total HAD score than with the specific depression and anxiety HAD subscales. As expected, there was also a stronger correlation between the HAD and the non-physical items of the BDI. The correlations between the total HAD scale and BDI and STAI, respectively, were stronger than those obtained using the different subscales of the HAD (the anxiety and depression subscales). The results indicated that the factor structure was quite strong, consistently showing two factors in the whole sample as well as in different subsamples. A secondary aim was to examine the factor structure of the HAD. ![]() The anxiety and depressive subscales are also valid measures of severity of the emotional disorder. The purpose of the study was to compare the HAD with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Spielberger's State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). ABSTRACT A self-assessment scale has been developed and found to be a reliable instrument for detecting states of depression and anxiety in the setting of an hospital medical outpatient clinic. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD) was evaluated in a Swedish population sample.
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